History 151 - 1894 Words

Are a people ever justified in openly violating laws (like the Fugitive Slave Act) that they disapprove of and think immoral? What has been the fate of such laws in U.S. history? Should the majority always Rule I believe that if the law is so immoral that it causes harm you have an obligation to disobey. According to the law, it was the responsibility of the federal government to help owners recapture these runaway slaves, who were denied any legal means to try and fight their return to slavery. After the Fugitive Slave Law led to many conflicts between Northern abolitionists and Southern slave owners in the 1850s, the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War at the start of the next decade essentially rendered the law meaningless. Yes the majority†¦show more content†¦President James K. Polk sent the army under the leadership of General (and later President) Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande to establish a fort. After seeing the Americans construct the fort in what they considered to be their land, the Mexicans sent 2,000 troops to attack a U.S. scout force, consisted of only 70 American troops. When Polk heard of this attack, he plead Congress to declare war on Mexico for invading American land. Congress agreed and by May of 1846, the two countries were at war. The Texas Annexation was controversial it was approved by Congress through a simple majority instead of using a treaty to annex the Republic of Texas. After no treaty was reached between the United States and Texas for the annexation or Texas, a joint resolution was passed in Congress to annex Texas. A popular vote in Texas approved the annexation of Texas to the United States in October 1845. Why would persons who had eyewitnesses slavery in the south offer such radically differing accounts? What would have been the future of slavery if it had been left alone? Eyewitnesses are notoriously unreliable. Ask any cop on earth. The institution of slavery wasnt a small isolated crime witnessed by just a few people. It was huge and the severity of the crime was different in various places it took place. There were also people that had convinced themselves that they (white people) were superior to themShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Daughter Of Time 1605 Words   |  7 Pagesperpetrator of the murders. From that point he undertakes the task of learning British history. Finding clues and piecing them together, disregarding rumors and finding a more logical approach to Richard III. In British textbooks, Richard is displayed as unpleasant uncle and Grant later finds that people do actually believe some versions stating that Richard was involved in the disappearances of the two young boys. How history is structured, some versions of events are widely accepted as truth, with or withoutRead MoreEducation Is An Important Factor1725 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding was quite different from his and her own- where it was believed that human beings have a nature and capacities different from those of the other animals†¦ and can reach its highest perfection only by living a good life in a well ordered society† (151). By doing so, student would enjoy the education that they may encounter; one of such freedom of speech and freewill. Without a free society, liberal art tradition may be harder to come across as you wouldn’t be able to have the freedom of one’s ownRead MoreInnocence to Experienced in Forbidden City1760 Words   |  5 Pageswars and battles are not a simple thing as Alex thinks they are. There are serious consequences behind the war that Alex has not notice about, for example, he does not know that many people will die in t he war. As Alex likes the military stuff and history, Alex reveals, â€Å"it isn’t the killing and ghoulish stuff that interests me. It’s the battle plans and the strategy and the weapons. It’s like chess or curling or bridge — those are all games I really† (Bell 17). This quotation shows that Alex naivelyRead MoreEssay about Willem de Kooning1526 Words   |  7 Pagescriticism and dismissed the descriptive force of ekphrastic poetry. For Greenberg OHaras kind of writing was merely a messy hybrid that was neither poetry nor criticism but pseudo poetry that cannot fully capture the essence of a painting (Shaw 151). Greenberg believed that art criticism should be specialized and formal (Bernstein). While a formalist criticism can offer some rich description about a piece of art, it cannot capture the full experience or create new experiences (Bernstein). O’HarasRead More Paraguayan War Essay2205 Words   |  9 Pagesbut this one is just as controversial. â€Å"Josà © Gaspar Rodrà ­guez de Francia.† Latin American Studies.http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/paraguay/francia.htm (accessed March 22, 2012). PARAGUAY. Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2008. Credo Reference. 12 Jan. 2009. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. http://www.credoreference.com/entry/abcafatrle/paraguay Reber, Vera B. (May, 1988). The Demographics of Paraguay: A Reinterpretation of the Great War, 1864-70. TheRead More Queen Liliuokalani Essay example3744 Words   |  15 Pagesvirtually all unrefined goods produced in Hawaii, such as sugarcane and rice to enter the United States duty-free. In return, the United States gained the exclusive right to use Pearl Harbor as a naval coaling and service station. (Day, Hawaii: A History 149-151) Although Kalakaua helped the Hawaiian economy out by making the reciprocity treaty with the United States, he spent much of the governments money lavishly. In 1882, he made an expensive round-the-world tour†¦ becoming the first king to beRead MoreHindi Nibandh on Advantages of Mobile and Disadvantage17790 Words   |  72 Pagesset, nor in the Emergency period of the 1970s—when the minds and bodies Ishvar and Omprakash, are savaged by the state—do we find any mention of a figure like BR Ambedkar or of Dalit movements. In his ‘nationalist’ understanding of modern Indian history, Mistry seems to have not veered too far from the road charted by predecessors like Mulk Raj Anand and Premchand. Sixty years after Premchand, Mistry’s literary imagination seems stuck in the empathy-realism mode, trapping Dalits in abjection. MistryRead MoreThe Demystification of the Freedmens Bureau Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pagesfreedmen, who dreamed of the forty acres acres and a mule. Because of their slave heritage, freedmen tended to support the agrarian lifestyle. For the large majority of freedmen, being able to own and work their own land was the ultimate goal (Abbot 150-151); however, Dubois believed that classical education and not farm work was the key to progress for African-American race (Dubois). Dislike for a reversion to a life of agriculture also fueled Dubois’s disdain for contracted labor as well. Believing thatRead MoreForeign Influences on Old English1686 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussing the amalgamation of the Scandinavians with the old English, Baugh Cable introduce the term modus vivendi to describe the policy followed by the English kings to reestablish their power in Danelaw. Questions/issues: While studying the history behind the Latin and the Scandinavian influence on the Old English language, I wondered the following: †¢ Why did the Anglo-Saxons not name the places according to their language? Why did they adopt the place names from the Celts? †¢ The author mentionsRead MoreJ. Robert Oppenhimer s Leadership Essay2162 Words   |  9 PagesProject could â€Å"determine the outcome of the war† and â€Å"was an unparalleled opportuntity to bring to bear the basic knowedge and art of science for the benefit of the country.† (Thorpe 66). Also, Oppenheimer was motivated by his desire to â€Å"be a part of history† (Thorpe 66), chronicled earlier in his Cambridge years. A Los Alamos military officer, Captain Peer de Silva, recognized Oppenheimer’s need for recognition and advocated using this need against Oppenheimer. De Silva knew that the Army controlled

Happily Ever after All Around - 1364 Words

Once upon a time in a land far far away stood a kingdom surrounded by an enchanted magical forest. This small kingdom was run by a fair king and queen with a beautiful daughter named Abigale. As her parents grew old, Abigale knew she would have to take the throne as she was the only royal child. As much as she longed to be a normal girl exploring the forest and eating spaghetti with her fingers, she was raised to never run in her nice clothes and to always use a fork and knife. Obeying her father came naturally as she prepared to take the crown. Memorizing royal documents and learning to speak in front of people was the easy part. But when she was told she would be marrying the man of her father’s choice, she began to question her obedience. Princess Abigale continued to study for her coronation, not noticing her father searching the kingdom far and wide for the future prince. The news came on a beautiful Sunday afternoon, the queen called her daughter to come to the grand hall dressed in her finest attire. Though this was the day she’d been dreading, she still dressed in her best gown and made her way to the grand hall. The entire kingdom watched as the princess met her prince for the first time. He was a boy from a rich family suffering great loss; their eldest son and his rabbit had gone off their boat and drowned, Luke—the prince to be—had been on the boat but couldn`t save his brother. They danced and the princess realized that this arranged marriage might not beShow MoreRelatedGenre Analysis733 Words   |  3 Pagesclashing with children’s stories. Gordimer is using a fairytale by saying in â€Å"For when they began to live happily ever after they where warned by that wise old witch, the husbands mother, not to take anyone of the street† This sentence right here is kind of what you get out of a fairytale genre and a children’s story genre. When they mention â€Å"happily ever after† You usually hear that phrase all the time in childrens stories or children type of things. For example: when you are watching a disney movieRead MoreWill Economic Valuation Of Nature Be Happily Ever After For Canadian Boreal Forest?963 Words   |  4 PagesWill Economic Valuation of Nature Be Happily Ever After for Canadian Boreal Forest? â€Å"Nature with all her beautiful plants and animals along with humans lived happily ever after†- This would be that perfect ending that I would envisage if I ever wrote a fairy tale with Nature as the female protagonist. But with growing human population and increasing demand for natural resources our planet’s happily ever after story seems very distant and distraught. According to Convention of Biological DiversityRead MoreInfluences Of Disney Princesses1048 Words   |  5 PagesGirls of all ages find an exceptional amount of inspiration from the â€Å"happily ever after† stories their parents read to them before bed. Disney princesses are respected by girls and often boys of all ages. The influence a Disney princess imposes on a child is based on how princesses are presented. The interest in a character, such as Cinderella, has mesmerized children as well as parents, but the perception of what is real and fantasy, creates a barrier for parents. The opportu nities for childrenRead MoreSnow White Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pageseasily impressionable thoughts and ideas of the children can be easily altered in their most susceptible time of life to believe these extravagant fantasies. The particular fantasy that is most often presented is the one of every story ending â€Å"happily ever after†, which usually goes hand-in-hand with the fantasy of finding the one Prince Charming. By buying into these fantasies, children in society lose the true sense of reality and what to expect in life. The origin and purpose of fairytales areRead MoreDoes Anne Sexton Want A Happily Ever After?1264 Words   |  6 PagesDoes Anne Sexton Want A Happily Ever After? A â€Å"Cinderella story† is a story in which people start out with a very unfortunate life and then become very wealthy by some type of luck. A Cinderella story is a type of myth, or fairytale. Poems sometimes add details to famous myths to reveal a meaning that is deeper than what was originally intended. The meaning of a true Cinderella story is that hard work always prospers and that the underdog always comes out on top. However in Anne Sexton’s versionRead MoreFairy Tale Relationship Analysis830 Words   |  4 Pagesof a happily ever after fantasy not truly lasting forever, while Bradstreet, who lived a very hard life and had a difficult marriage had remained devoted to her husband and prays for eternal life for him; as she is dying from illness. By reading into Anne Bradstreet further it is discovered her husband remarried after her passing. Thus, showing her although hopeful, that her relationship did not live on. proved not to last like she hoped, realizing t hat the idea of a fairytale happily ever afterRead MoreThe Truth About Princesses in Fairy Tales830 Words   |  4 PagesOnce given birth to a beautiful baby girl, often parents refer to her as their little princess; when having a newborn girl, that baby girl will often get all the attention from her surroundings, she will be showered in the most adorable dresses; cute shoes , baby clothes that say â€Å"princess† on it and either a bow or a bedazzled head band, perhaps a room that is nothing but pink, letters on her wall over looking her crib saying â€Å"Mommy’s little Princess†. There is nothing wrong with spoiling yourRead MoreCinderella, By Charles Perrault948 Words   |  4 Pagesinspires all kinds of people to focus on inner beauty in order to get their happily ever after. â€Å"Cinderella,† by Charles Perrault is a piece of writing that seems to be an average fairy tale. The name â€Å"Cinderella† is a name known throughout the world; it is known by a variation of people ranging from kids to adults. We associate this name with the average fairy tale. When looking at this particular story of Cinderella, it is clear that it is the story of the house maiden who ends up living happily everRead MoreNot So Happily Ever After968 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Not so Happily Ever After† Why are the trends of relationships not always leading up to the happily ever after we always dreamed would happen? Society has emerged into a common trend of living together either early in a dating relationship, a more serious commitment with one another before the ring happens, or if couples may not believe in the institution of marriage to make the commitment real. All these arguments have been seen in the way that society has progressed into this way of thinkingRead MoreCinderellas Diary960 Words   |  4 Pagesor even both can help visualize the readers mind into better understanding how the writer wants to convey the meaning of a poem. The poem â€Å"Cinderella’s Diary† is a short poem that is supposed to be about Cinderella’s life, taking place after â€Å"happily ever after†. It goes to show that not everything has a happy ending. The very beginning of the poem starts with Cinderella stating that she misses her stepmother. Her tone in the first sentence alone already shows how her life is terrible living with

Leading For Change

Questions: 1.What you perceive this persons leadership styles, behaviours, traits?2.How he/she uses Power and Influence tactics to make him/her an Effective Leader and Whether the Person Changes his/her leadership in various Situations?3.Ask your chosen Leader to Describe his/her Leadership Style, Behaviours, Traits.4.What have you learnt about the Complexities of Leadership? 5.Given what you have found, how might your Own Leadership Practice be Improved as a result of undertaking this Assessment? Answers: Introduction Leadership can be defined as the skills and process of motivating and encouraging individuals to pursue shared and common goals. It is the process of inspiring other people to pursue the vision set by the leader and maximizing the efforts of others towards the achievement of the goal (Stanfield, 2009). The leadership skills are significant in the professional and the personal development of a person. It is also important for team building and communicating with others (Bonnici and Cooper, 2011). In this regard, in this project, the leadership skills of Adam Khoo, a successful entrepreneur of Singapore has been evaluated. I had the opportunity to meet him and share his perspective while I enrolled in one of his session. In the recent years, he gained immense popularity as he becomes a self-made millionaire at the age of 26 making him one of the youngest millionaires in Singapore. He is the chairman of the biggest education institutions in Asia, Adam Khoo Learning Technologies Group an d specializes in the corporate training, advertising and professional investing. Observation 1.Leadership Behavior 1.The leadership behavior denotes the behavior of the leaders that inspire their followers and motivates them to achieve the goals and the objectives set by the leaders. Although the leadership style demonstrated by the leaders is categorized into different categories, no two leaders demonstrate the same behavior. The leadership behavior demonstrated by the leaders can be categorized into two main categories, namely, task-oriented leaders and the relation-oriented leaders (O'Connell and Cuthbertson, 2009). The task-relationship leadership model posits that the leadership behavior of most of the leaders can be differentiated according to its objective and the ultimate goal of the leader. In the task-oriented leadership behavior, the leader focuses on the completion of the task and meeting the performance standard of the work (Bertocci, 2009). On the other hand, the relationship-oriented leadership behavior is focused on the satisfaction, motivation and fulfillment of the employees and other stakeholders. It is a behavioral approach wherein the leader is concerned with the well-being and the relationship with the employees (Glass, 2010). In the present context, the leadership behavior of Adam Khoo can be categorized as the task-oriented category. He is an excellent public speaker and motivates the audience by showing charisma, humor and convincing skills. He is focused on achieving the targets and the goals by constantly challenging oneself and learning new competitive skills. He is constantly thriving to achieve the professional and the personal objectives and motivates the employees to achieve them. He is always concerned about obtaining the specific solution to the problems and addressing the professional targets. These leaders are always actively involved in the work process and partake in the activities regarding the goal setting, planning, organizing and monitor the overall progress with the team. The task-oriented process is considered as beneficial for th e performance oriented organizations. It ensures that the organizations goals are met and completed on time. The task-oriented leaders are motivating for the employees with the time management issues. These leaders also have a strong understanding of the working procedures and delegate work with their juniors efficiently to manage the work on time (Glass, 2010). Adam Khoo demonstrates the same behavior. The educational institutions ran by him have dynamic and competitive environment. The instructors and the management is constantly thriving to impart excellent education and learning outcomes to the students. Khoo also participate in all the organizational activities despite his busy schedule and monitors the performance of each institution. 2.Leadership Traits The leadership traits can be defined as the characteristics that distinguish a leader from others. These traits are observable and relates to the leadership potential of an individual. Flexibility, emotional intelligence and enthusiasm are the major characteristics that of an effective leader. The most common model of the leadership traits is the big five personality traits model. According to this model, the five categories in the leadership behavior are, namely, extraversion, openness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and agreeableness (Howard and Howard, 2010). The extraversion refers to the ability of an individual to socialize and communicate with others. It denotes the energy, positivism, sociability and the assertiveness in a large company. Khoo radiates positivism and is highly assertive with his employees. He communicates regularly with them regularly regarding the expected objectives and listens with focus to all their problems. Adam Khoo has high extraversion. In all his pu blic sessions and even when speaking to a group, he shows high energy and enthusiasm (Northouse, 2010). The second quality in this model is openness to the experience. In this category, the person has appreciation and curiosity for unusual ideas and new experiences. Khoo has a natural curiosity and openness to the novelty of idea and experiences. This quality is used to describe the imagination and the creativeness of a person (Antonakis, Cianciolo and Sternberg, 2004). Several times, high openness is considered as a negative quality as it relates to unpredictability and lack of focus. On the other hand, people individuals with low openness are considered as inflexible and close-minded (Daft, 2007). Khoo has a high degree of openness to experience as the leader has risk-taking capabilities and he is practical and data driven. The conscientiousness is the ability of the individuals to be disciplined and self-dependent. It is the skill to monitor and control ones behavior and exhibit planned behavior to achieve the goals. A person with low conscientiousness is considered as lazy, unreliable and undisciplined. Khoo is conscientious person as he is highly energetic and self-disciplined. He is able to juggle multiple tasks simultaneously due to high discipline (Judge, 2002). Agreeableness is the quality of demonstrating friendly behavior rather than detached or analytical behavior. It denotes the helpfulness and compassion in the nature. Khoo has this quality as he is trusting and well-tempered. Excessive agreeableness is associated with nave and submissive nature whereas low agreeableness relates to untrustworthy and argumentative nature. Khoo exhibit the right degree of the agreeableness as he is compassionate and understanding in nature (Yukl, 2002). The neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative em otions such as anxiety, anger and the vulnerability towards the work pressure. When a leader has low emotional stability, he is very reactive and unsecure towards the external environment whereas when he has low emotional stability, he can be considered as uninspiring and indifferent towards the organizations objectives. Khoo inspires his followers, encourages them to achieve the organizations objectives and work hard. Khoo is strong-minded person and motivates people even in difficult times (Judge and Bono, 2000). From the observation of the leadership skills of Adam Khoo, it can be identified that Khoo demonstrates a high level of extraversion and actively participates in all the organizations activities. Adam Khoo is also high on openness and actively participates in several sports activities in his personal life. Along with it, he is also open to innovation and implementing new teaching strategies to enhance the learning outcomes of the deliverables. In the group meetings, he actively seeks the viewpoint and the perception of the faculties and the teaching staff and implements their suggestions in the organizations courses. Mr. Khoo is also high on agreeableness and has attained the strong support of all the staff members over the years. It is due to the fact that he focuses on the relationships and care for the well-being of the teaching and the non-teaching staff working in the organization. He has high emotional stability and focuses on taking prudent and analytical approach in all the organizations problems. Leadership Styles The leadership style is defined as the style of the leader in motivating and communicating with the followers. The leadership styles can be categorized into authoritarian, democratic, Laissez-faire, transactional and transformational leadership (Smith, 2014). In this essay, the transactional and the transformational leadership style are discusses in detail. The transactional leaders use rewards and punishments to motivate their followers. It is a commonly used leadership style to motivate the employees in the organization settings. The transactional leaders use contingent rewards such as incentives, monetary or the financial gains to recognize the good performance of the employees. They also use psychological tactics such ass appreciation and recognition to motivate the employees to achieve organizations success. The management by exception is another approach used by the transactional leaders in their leadership strategy. In this method, the business managers only intervene in the o perations of the organization when the employees are not achieving their goals and exhibiting competitive performance. This strategy is used by the leaders to reduce their workload. The managers take corrective actions to improve the performance of the employees (Breevaart, 2014). The transformational leadership style unique leadership style in which the leader is not limited by the perception of the followers. In this leadership style, the leader work along with their subordinates to create a vision and motivate them to achieve it with inspiration and motivation. The transformational leaders strive to improve the performance of the employees through motivation and connecting the identity of the employees with their respective projects and with the organization. The leaders also challenge the followers to accomplish the task and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the followers and align them with the project (Tyssen, Wald and Heidenreich, 2014). It can be critiques that the leadership style shown by Adam Khoo in the organization is transformational leadership style. He is charismatic and has excellent skills to motivate the employees to achieve the targets set by him. It was observed that he gave empowerment to the employees to achieve their goals and targets in their own way. He is concerned about the strengths and the weaknesses of the employees and assign them duties which best suit them. Contingency Model In the contingency approach, the leader emphasizes improving the performance of the team by aligning with the organization goals with capabilities and possible situations. The path goal theory is used to match the leadership style with the goals of the organization (Smyth, 2005). Adam Khoo is an excellent leader who tries to manage the different managerial aspects of the organization. According to the observation, Khoo tries to manage different aspects of his responsibility by emphasizing on the employee satisfaction and acknowledges their feedback through different communication system. Khoo has developed an informal communication system in which all the employees can communicate with him for professional reasons. Although it is not possible for him to be physically present at each meeting, he makes sure that he has an essence of each meeting. All the subordinates require his authority before implementing any decision to maximize the efficiency in an organization. In the contingency model of the leadership, the situational factors such as followers capacity and the organization culture impact the choice of leadership style and its impact on the performance and the employee fulfillment. The behavioral styles are defined as directive, supportive, participative and achievement-situated (Daft, 2014). It could be examined that the leadership style of Mr. Khoo is supportive as he focuses on building a prosperity relationship between the management and the employees. He makes an extra effort to show that he cares for him rather than considering them only resources for meeting the organizations objectives. Leadership Power and Influence The concept of power and leadership are closely connected. An individual can demonstrate power without being a leader; however, it is impossible to possess leadership skills without adequate power. The power can be defined as the capability or the potential to influence others. Therefore, power is associated with the skills of an effective leader. According to a model given by French and Raven (1959), there are five bases of power, namely, legitimate, reward, expert, referent and coercive (Heinemann, 2008). The legitimate power refers to the formal right to the power and can make demands and the other needs to be abide by these demands. The reward is the ability or power of a person to compensate the ability or efforts of another person. The power related to expertise is achieved when the person has high level of skills and knowledge. The referent power is achieved with the perceived attractiveness, skills and worthiness of a person (Brookes, 2015). Lastly, the coercive power is atta ined when the followers presume that the leader has the power to punish other for noncompliance. It can be discussed that Adam Khoo demonstrates several powers in his leadership. As he is the chairman of the educational organization, he directly exhibits legitimate and reward power (Cooper and Rothmann, 2013). Adam Khoo has also obtained expert power as he has excellent trainers regarding business management and training skills. As he is charismatic leader, he also shows referent power to the employees. 3.Second Task: Interview An interview was conducted with the Adam Khoo to understand the complexities of leadership and obtain his viewpoint regarding leadership. When Mr. Adam Khoo was asked about the traits of a successful leader, he stated that every leader is unique and possess different qualities. However, the most important trait of a leader is that he should be ethical and set right examples in front of his leaders. According to Khoo, a leader must be motivating and transparent to his/her subordinates. It is important to build a positive organization culture and motivate the employees. Khoo discussed that there are several challenges in running an organization successfully such as managing workplace conflicts, establishing a transparent and equal opportunity culture and managing the internal stakeholders and politics. Khoo cited that in his career, the most significant challenge is to keep the employees motivated when the business of the organization is low. According to him, employee motivation is the key to organization success. He stated that the employees are asset to an organization and it is important to keep them motivated to improve the workplace performance. According to Khoo, employee motivation can be achieved by setting clear objectives, keeping the employees engaged by providing positive and competitive work culture and act fairly and justly towards the subordinates. In work meetings and conferences, it is important for the leader to listen to the viewpoint of all the team members and adopt a just and fair approach towards them to reduce the workplace conflicts and increase the employee productivity. Khoo discussed that to him the employee-employer relationship is most significant aspect of leadership. It is important for the employer to adopt a just and fair approach; however, the le ader should not be overly friendly with his followers. Adam stated that he has realized in his past experiences that the employees are not singularly motivated by money and the financial rewards. It is important that the employees are provided with enough flexibility such as telecommuting or vacation holidays so that they remain motivated. For other employees, the motivation comes in the form of recognition, giving charge and responsibility. It can be critiqued from the viewpoint of Adam Khoo that he is a transformational leader. He sets clear target for all the employees, tries to keep them motivated by sharing his vision and motivate the employees by keeping them motivated. Khoo also stated that it is important to identify the weaknesses and the strengths of the employees and assign them tasks which best suits their ability. It is due to the fact that no employee is perfect and can excel in each responsibility; however, the overall performance of the organization can be enhanced i f they are assigned task accordingly. Although Adam is task-oriented leader; he takes care of the employees. 4.Self-Reflection Improvement With the research and the interview, it can be recognized that there are certain dissimilarities between the observation of the leadership style of Adam Khoo and his personal opinion. Previously, I realized that an employee should be task-oriented to achieve the organization objectives and success. However, after the interview I realized that it is important for a leader to be relationship-oriented and focus on the well-being of the employees. Enthusiasm and assertiveness are also necessary components to keep the followers motivated (Brockbank, McGill and Beech, 2002). Upon self-reflection, I realized that I do not possess adequate communication skills and did not consider that self-enthusiasm is important for motivating the employees. I realized that it is important to work on the communication skills to develop my leadership skills. It was evident from the interview and the observation that Mr. Khoo is an assertive leader. He is goal-driver, risk taking and disciplined towards his job. However, according to the big five trait model an assertive leader is often uncaring and unconcerned about the well-being of the employees. In this regard, it can be perceived that Adam Khoo is conscious about his relationships with the employees. He realizes that the employees are significant for the performance and the performance and the productivity of the organization and has built an organization culture to support their well-being (Ramsay and Sweet, 2008). With the application of the theory and the interview analysis, it could be examined that the resourcefulness is significant aspect in the leadership quality of an individual. Adam Khoo is a motivating and experienced leader which provides his skills and knowledge. It creates admiration in front of his subordinates and contributes to the leadership. 5.Upon self-reflection, I realized that in order to practice effective leadership skills, it is important to obtain adequate knowledge regarding the tasks and organization procedures. A leader should also know how to remain calm in difficult situations. It is important that a leader exhibit emotional stability to handle difficult situations and motivate the employees in difficult situations. It is in accordance with the neuroticism trait which makes a leader unreliable in case of difficult situations. Furthermore, it could be posited that different leaders exhibit different leadership styles; however, no leadership style is perfect. The leaders themselves change their leadership style according to the situational demands. The transformational leadership style is effective in keeping the followers motivated and achieving the organizations goals and objectives. Khoo has adopted the transformational leadership style wherein he sets clear objectives for the employees and achieves the tar gets. I realize that a person should be disciplined and clear in his vision to inspire a large number of followers. In order to attain self-improvement, I will take confidence building classes. I will also try to remain more disciplined and show emotional stability. Conclusion In this project, the complexities in the leadership and the leadership style of different leaders have been discussed. There are a large number of leadership styles that tries to explain the leadership phenomenon and the relation between the leader and his followers. It can be discussed that there is no perfect approach to leadership and every leader follows the leadership strategy which best suits his personality and the situation. In the next five years, I see myself at a managerial position at a dynamic work environment. Studying the leadership styles and its impact on the followers will assist me in selecting the most appropriate leadership style for myself. References Antonakis, J., Cianciolo, A.T. and Sternberg,R.J. 2004. The Nature of Leadership. SAGE. Bertocci, D.I. 2009. Leadership in Organizations: There is a Difference Between Leaders and Managers. University Press of America. Bonnici, C.A. and Cooper, B.S. 2011. Creating a Successful Leadership Style: Principles of Personal Strategic Planning. RL Education. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O.K. and Espevik, R., 2014. Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 87(1), pp.138-157. Brockbank, A., McGill, I. and Beech, N. 2002. Reflective Learning in Practice. Gower Publishing, Ltd. Brookes, S. 2015. The Selfless Leader: A Compass for Collective Leadership. Palgrave Macmillan. Cooper, C. and Rothmann, I. 2013. Organizational and Work Psychology: Topics in Applied Psychology. London: Routledge. Daft, R. 2007. The Leadership Experience. Cengage Learning. Daft, R.L. 2014. The Leadership Experience. Boston: Cengage Learning. Glass, S.D. 2010. The Practical Handbook of Group Counseling: Group Work with Children, Adolescents, and Parents. Trafford Publishing. Heinemann, P. 2008. Power Bases and Informational Influence Strategies: A Behavioral Study on the Use of Management Accounting Information. Springer-Verlag. Howard, P.J. and Howard, J.M. 2010. The Owner's Manual for Personality at Work: How the Big Five Personality Traits Affect Performance, Communication, Teamwork, Leadership, and Sales. Center for Applied Cognitive Studies (CentACS). Judge, T.A. and Bono, J.E., 2000. Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership. Journal of applied psychology, 85(5), p.751. Judge, T.A., Bono, J.E., Ilies, R. and Gerhardt, M.W. 2002. Personality and leadership: a qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of applied psychology, 87(4), p.765. Northouse, P.G. 2010. Leadership: Theory and Practice. SAGE. O'Connell, T.S. and Cuthbertson, B. 2009. Group Dynamics in Recreation and Leisure: Creating Conscious Groups Through an Experiential Approach. Human Kinetics. Ramsay, G. and Sweet, H. 2008. A Creative Guide to Exploring Your Life: Self-Reflection Using Photography, Art, and Writing. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Smith, G.A., 2014. Empirical Impact Study of Transformational Leadership Practices of Educational Leadership Training Team Leaders: A Case Study of the National Institute for Development of Teachers Faculty Staffs and Educational Personnel (NIDTEP). HRD JOURNAL, 4(1), pp.61-71. Smyth, J. 2005. Critical Perspectives On Educational Leadership. Routledge. Stanfield, A.W. 2009. Defining Effective Leadership: Lead in Whatever You Do. Tate Publishing. Tyssen, A.K., Wald, A. and Heidenreich, S., 2014. Leadership in the context of temporary organizations: A study on the effects of transactional and transformational leadership on followers commitment in projects. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 21(4), pp.376-393. Yukl, G.A., 2002. Leadership in organizations.

Reflections on the First Amendment Paper free essay sample

Reflections on the First Amendment Paper Ephraim Iivula HIS/301 May 29, 2011 Kenneth Johnston University of Phoenix Reflections on the First Amendment According to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Consequently, citizens from different occupations often file legal challenges for court adjudication on perceived injustice. This paper focuses on numerous momentous cases related to three of the provisions of the First Amendment, namely freedom of speech, press, and religion. The cases as enumerated shortly represent such examples, in which citizens challenge social norms and seek for Supreme Court hearing or interpretation. In addition, the paper evaluates the rights and responsibilities that the Constitution gives American citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflections on the First Amendment Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Notable First Amendment Court Cases John D. Ashcroft, Attorney General, et al. v. Free Speech Coalition, et al. (2002) The right to freedom of speech came under scrutiny in the case of John D. Ashcroft, Attorney General, et al. versus Free Speech Coalition, et al. in 2002. In this case, the U. S. Supreme Court affirmed the Ninth Circuits judgment against the plaintiff’s broader definition of pornography in enacting the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996. This broader definition, the court finds it in contravention with the First Amendment. The Ninth Circuit reasoned that the definition of banning any depiction of pornographic materials, including films that Congress adds on the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 was overboard and as such violated the First Amendment. Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote: First Amendment freedoms are most in danger when the government seeks to control thought or to justify its laws for that impermissible end. The right to think is the beginning of freedom, and speech must be protected from the government because speech is the beginning of thought. FCC . v. Pacifica Foundation, (1978) This case put to test the First Amendment protections extended to a radio stations daytime broadcast. At the center of the case was comedian George Carlins Seven Filthy Words monologue. â€Å"The Supreme Court held that Section 326 of the Telecommunications Act, which prohibits the FCC from censoring broadcasts over radio or television, does not limit the FCCs authority to sanction radio or television stations broadcasting material that is obscene, indecent, or profane. Though the censorship ban under Section 326 precludes editing proposed broadcasts in advance, the ban does not deny the FCC the power to review the content of completed broadcasts. † In addition, the Supreme Court pronounced that, â€Å"broadcast materials have limited First Amendment protection because of the uniquely pervasive presence that radio and television occupy in the lives of people and the unique ability of children to access radio and television broadcasts. † Sherbert v. Verner et al. , members of South Carolina Employment Security Commission,(1963) In this case, Adell Sherbert applied to the Employment Security Commission for unemployment benefits following her dismissal from work after she refused to work on Saturdays, something forbidden by her Seventh-day Adventist faith. However, the Employment Security Commission denied her unemployment benefits stating that she lost her employment because of misconduct and therefore ineligible for benefits. On appeal, the Supreme Court of the United States contended that Sherbert’s dismissal â€Å"violates the guarantee of religious freedom contained in the First Amendment. As such, withholding Sherbert’s benefit was unlawful and therefore in breach of the religious freedom under the First Amendment. Reasons for the Supreme Court Hearing and Interpretation of Each Case In the case of John D. Ashcroft, Attorney General, et al. versus Free Speech Coalition, et al. (2002), the Supreme Court upheld the judgment because the expanded definition of the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 contravenes the provision under the First Amendment. Consequently, the appellant feared that leaving that expanded definition unchallenged in the Supreme Court curtails freedom of speech as enshrined in the Constitution. The Supreme Court interpretation became necessary as the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 led to the plaintiff’s misinterpretation of the regulation or deliberate distortion thereof to advance unlawful ends. Instead, the merit of the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 bans unethical materials depicting children and not just about any pornographic material. In the case of FCC versus Pacifica Foundation, (1978), the Supreme Court hearing became necessary to offer clarity on Section 326 of the Telecommunications Act regarding its limitations and the FCC jurisdiction. The appellant assumes Section 326 of the Telecommunications Act prevents FCC the authority to review the content of completed broadcasts. However, the Supreme Court manifested that FCC could still sanction a station broadcasting obscene, indecent, or profane materials. In the case of Sherbert against Verner et al. , members of South Carolina Employment Security Commission, et al. 1963), Sherbert’s employer denied her unemployment benefits because she refused to work on Saturdays. She claimed that this effectively impeded the free exercise of her religion. The Supreme Court found that denying Sheberts unemployment benefits, was an unconstitutional burden on the free exercise of her religion. The Supreme Court interpretation became necessary, as the First Amendment does not intend to govern the mere beliefs or opinions of people. Interference with religious practices may transpire when there is a compelling interest in refusing to accommodate religiously motivated conduct. The effect of the Supreme Court decision on American citizens The effect of the Supreme Court judgment in the case of John D. Ashcroft, Attorney General, et al. v. Free Speech Coalition, et al. (2002), is that pornography is lawful. As evident today, there is an increase in the pornography industry as there is no legal basis to ban the practice. The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 however remains within the confines of its mandate that of protecting children, and as a result many cyber-violators have faced prosecution after its enactment. The judgment on FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, (1978) has a profound effect on day-to-day radio and television broadcasting. For example, producers particularly of television programs provide parental guidance to prevent children accesses to explicit programs but yet satisfy the viewing needs of matured viewers. This same practice finds resonance in the music and movie industry. This further promotes good social etiquette, ethics, and public decency. The extent to which the Constitution protect the right of privacy The United States Constitution fully express privacy right. However, under the Fourth Amendment, the right to privacy is inherent. As such, law enforcement agents may not search properties without appropriate search warrants. In some cases, national security supersedes privacy protection, and this happens particularly in the wake the Patriot Act. â€Å"The Patriot Act drove a stake through the heart of the Bill of Rights, violating at least six of the ten original amendmentsthe First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Amendmentsand possibly the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, as well. † J. W. Whitehead May 16, 2011. The Patriot Act after its enactment in response to the 9/11 terrorist attack has come under fire from many citizens claiming that its roving wiretaps system violates citizen rights to privacy. Even as government through the Department of Homeland Security defends the Patriot Act provisions citing national security, many citizens continue to express dissatisfaction with the process. Whitehead May 16, 2011, contends that â€Å"roving wiretaps† provision allows the FBI to wiretap phones in multiple homes without the target’s name or even phone numbermerely the possibility that a suspect â€Å"might† use the phone is enough to justify the wiretap. He further observed that â€Å"lone wolf† provision allows intelligence gathering of people not suspected of belonging to a foreign government or known terrorist organization. Moreover, Section 215 allows court-approved seizure of records and property in antiterrorism operations. In light of the above concerns, the extent to which the Constitution protects privacy right is negligible as Congress twists the legislative arm regardless of public displeasure. Screening citizens based on race, ethnicity, religious belief and justified as a means to protect the nation, have drawn reservations as it targets innocent people and groups regularly. Such investigations compromise and invade citizens’ privacy by law enforcement and as such expose the Constitutional privacy protection. Conclusion â€Å"The First Amendment of the Constitution prohibits laws that restrict personal freedom† Patterson, T. E. (2009, p. 6). The United States Constitution particularly the First Amendment ensured the protection of citizens’ rights. However, this protection is often under constant infringements. Some contraventions happen because of ignorance to the First Amendment and others for the sake of national security. As the Patriot Act shows, privacy right is not absolute particularly when national security is at stake. With reference to the above-mentioned cases, one can see that the provisions under the First Amendment receive many legal challenges. The Supreme Court interpretation and various hearings ensured that citizens freely exercise their opinions and believes. References American Library Association: Notable First Amendment court cases: Retrieved from http://www. ala. org/ala/aboutala/offices/oif/firstamendment/courtcases/courtcases. fm John W. Whitehead , May 16, 2011, Renewing the Patriot Act: Who Will Protect Us from Our Government? , Retrieved from http://www. rutherford. org/articles_db/commentary. asp? record_id=711 Patterson, T. E. (2009). The American democracy  (9th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Sherbert v. Verner et al. , Members of South Carolina Employment Security Commission, et al. (1963): Retrieved from http://www. yale. edu/lawweb/avalon/curiae/html/374-398/001. ht m U. S. National Archives and Records Administration, First Amendment: Retrieved from

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE Introduction/Thesis statement Atlantic slave trade began in 1444 and it led to the massive movement of the African slaves to the western nations with the sole aim of providing cheap labor. The movement of slaves from Africa is termed as one of the major migrations to have happened in human history.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Atlantic Slave Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Africans were forcefully moved to the western hemisphere and in addition, these slaves were looked down upon as inferior. The Atlantic slave trade had a significant impact on Africa as well as the United States of America. The Africa Continent was deprived manpower whereas the United States of America was able to boost its economic growth due to the presence of cheap labor. Due to revolution in the Dutch Republic, many citizens entered into the slave trade, which is mainly considered to have been as a result of accident rather than by design. This paper will therefore seek to review Postma’s book: The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815, giving the implications and the participation of the Dutch in the transatlantic slave trade. The author’s criticism of the historiography The author criticizes the historiography of the Dutch participation in the transatlantic slave trade by pointing out that the participation of the Dutch in this trade was not given the attention that it deserved. The participation of the Dutch covers approximately two centuries all filled with diverse complexity ranging from the geographical dimensions to the demographic and complicated economies.Advertising Looking for critical writing on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main aim of the Author writing this book was to bring to light the participation of the Dutch in the transatlantic trade and giving it the attention i t deserved. Rawley and Behrendt in their book: The transatlantic slave trade: A history, points out that the Dutch participated in the slave trade as early as 1528 when the slaves were being transported to the Spanish colonies (2005). The author refutes this by elaborating that the transporters of these slaves were the Germans and or the Flemings who originated from Belgium. In the light of the above, the author adds that the earliest participation of the Dutch in the transatlantic slave trade occurred in 1596 (Postma, 2009). The evidence that the author uses to support their argument Postma (2009) points out that in the early stages of the slave trade in Africa, the main participants of the slave trade, mainly the Portuguese could send the expedition to the west coast of Africa to capture the slaves and the author points out that the number of slaves that were captured was approximately two hundred and thirty five slaves all of whom were sent to Portugal. The author tries to justif y the participation of the Dutch in the transatlantic slave trade by pointing out that in 1596, Rotterdam Skipper and Pieter Van Hagen captured approximately one hundred and thirty slaves from Africa and moved them to Middelburg, the capital of Zeeland. This information is credible since it provides prove of the Dutch’s participation in the slave trade. Ways in which the chapters of the book relate to the thesis Postma has organized the book in various chapters each of which relate to the transatlantic trade. In chapter one and two the author tries to explain the start of the slave trade and the causes of such trade.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Atlantic Slave Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the three subsequent chapters, the author shifts his focus to Africa and explores the Presence of the Dutch in Africa. In chapters six and seven the author tries to examine the conditions that made slave trade favorable for example the need for labor in the western nations as well as the presence of people from Africa who could provide the cheap labor. In the last four chapters the author sheds light into how the slaves were housed and fed. These slaves were mistreated in the workplaces and they lived in very poor conditions. Perhaps the author points out the presence of slave have raised many morality questions in the modern times. Some information that was provide by the author are not necessary or example his explanation on the roe of the Catholic Church in the slave trade has little significance in the thesis. Criticism of the author’s work The events that took place during the transatlantic slave trade are clearly explained as well as the factors that led to the start of the slave trade. The participation of the Dutch in the Slave trade was due to the establishment of the large farms in the Dutch Republic that it required extensive source of labor. The implica tions that the slave trade had on the western economies are explained but one of the major shortcomings of this book is its failure to elaborate on the implications that the slave trade had on the African continent. The African continent was deprived of man power since strong men were taken away thus the labor force declined drastically. Families were also separated which resulted in psychological suffering among the family members.Advertising Looking for critical writing on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion In conclusion, it is true to say that the author has contributed to the literature of the event because he gives insights into what happened during the transatlantic slave trade as well as the implications of this trade on the western economies. The book can form the basis for other studies since the future scholars may endeavor to learn more about the implications that this trade had, politically, economically and socially to both the African continent as well as to the western hemisphere. The transatlantic slave trade had a major implication since it formed the basis for the continued migration of the Africans to the western hemisphere. It is an event that is worth studying because it gives a clear picture of what really transpired during this period of slave trade. References Postma, J. M. (2009). The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815. Cambridge.Cambridge University Press. Rawley, J. A., Behrendt, S. D. (2005). The transatlantic slave trade: A history. Nebr aska. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

My Overseer Sent My Mother To essays

My Overseer Sent My Mother To essays The name of this document is entitled, The Overseer...Sent My Mother Away... To A Retired Place. This story is told by Josiah Henson who was a child slave at the time. In this story Henson explains the horrific story about how his father was sent away and also explains the events that lead up to that tragedy as well. He tells us about how his masters passing was the result of his families separation, the event which separated him from his mother at the very young age of six. The source of this document is Josiah Henson, Uncle Toms Story of His Life: An Autobiography of the Rev Josiah Henson (London, 1877). This document is about Josiah Henson who was born June 15, 1789 in Charles County, Maryland, on a farm that belonged to Mr. Francis Newman. His mother and father were both slaves of Dr. Josiah McPherson, but where hired out to Mr. Newman the man in which his father belonged to. One day the overseer had sent his mother away to a retired place and tried to force himself upon her. Her screams aroused his father, and as he went to see what the noise was, he found his wife struggling with the man. This angered him very much, so he struck the man and within the blink of an eye the overseer was down. He would have killed this man, but the overseer had made a promise that nothing should ever be said of the event that had taken place. The promise was not kept and the laws of the state were after him, for a nigger had struck a white man and something was to be done. For a good while his father had stayed on the run hiding in woods, and at night venturing into cabins in search of food that wa s until he was starved out, and compelled by hunger which forced him to give up and turn himself in. The day of the execution of his penalty had arrived and the Negroes from the neighboring plantations were summoned to witness the scene. Fifty slashes were given to him by a blacksmith named Hewes. The cries from his f...

Emile Durkheim - The Rules Of Sociological Method and Suicide Essay

Emile Durkheim - The Rules Of Sociological Method and Suicide - Essay Example In accordance with the specific definition ‘a social fact is anyway of acting, whether fixed or not, capable of exerting over the individual an external constraint; or which is general over the whole of a given society, whilst having an existence of its own independent of its individual manifestations’ (Durkheim, 1895, p.59 in Gilbert, 1989, p.244-245). Through an additional explanation of social facts – including in the above work of Durkheim – it is made clear that ‘here, then, is a category of facts which present very special characteristics: they consist of manners of acting, thinking and feeling external to the individual, which are invested with a coercive power by virtue of which they exercise control over him’ (Durkheim, 1895, Ch. 1 in Lukes, 1982, p. 51). In accordance with the above, social facts can influence all aspects of the behaviour of individuals as parts of the society; for this reason, social facts are closely related with th e social ethics held within a specific region at a particular period of time. Because of the above issues, theorists that are asked to interpret the behaviour of individuals towards specific social or political events should start by identifying the social ethics of the society involved; at a next level, any reflection of the individuals to their social and political environment could be considered as a justifiable initiative. In accordance with Morrison (1990) ‘Durkheim, working from a Comtean tradition, essentially sought to bring sociological subject matter within the confines of a positivist methodology; accordingly, most of the programmatic statements Durkheim made about sociological subject matter tended to equate sociological events with external regularity and this may explain Durkheims use of the claim "consider social facts as things"’ (Morrison, 1990, 93). In other words, the use of term ‘things’ by Durkheim when having to

Initial public offerings corporate finance 501 case assign 1 Essay

Initial public offerings corporate finance 501 case assign 1 - Essay Example This is the recommended option for the company as the online auction enables more bidders to participate and will also allow the investors to gain the joy and satisfaction of wining. The online auction has been defined as, ‘Online auctioning is the process whereby users log onto a website and bid for items or services posted on this website by other users. The way online auctioning works is similar to normal auctioning outside the cyber world, but has allowed the auction to reach a much greater audience’ (Newton). The option is very flexible and it allows a vast number of people to participate in the auction. There will be lower levels of time and there will also be higher levels of flexibility for the investors to invest from any part of the world. Skype will most likely attract customers which include large mutual funds, technical investors, professional investors, foreign investors, large organizations and institutions and the pension managers. The Large mutual funds and the pension managers are mostly likely to be highly attracted to this online auction due to the simple fact that there will be no quota on the amount of shares that they can buy. In terms of the technical investors there will be a sense of interest in the Skype stock as the prices will be low and these will the way to target this group of people. Professional investors will seek to bid close to the lowest prices and make a major investment in the company. Large investors will seek to get large chunks of the shares and since there are not geographical boundaries, foreign investors will also like to make some purchases. In short the dominance of large institutional investors or the favorite investors of underwriters will be interested in the stock and will be aim at investing as much as possible as it will be very beneficial and fruitful in the long run (Salkind). Each of the above mentioned have a certain amount of direct interest in the

Cause and Effect Essay Example for Free

Cause and Effect Essay Many people in the world struggle to achieve their goals in life. And the word â€Å"struggle† differs for each individual. Some have to sacrifice their personal property whereas some have to live away from their family and home. It is tough to adjust a new lifestyle in a completely different place and that too all alone. One has to be very strong and have to start taking care of everything on his own. And the effects of living in a foreign country would prove to be on a positive note. It makes an individual independent. Living away from your country can be a really interesting and unforgettable experience, but at the same time it has very important effects on ones life. There are people who like to have privacy and like to be in their own world, but there are also people who dislike living alone and they always want someone with them. So these kind of people may find it very difficult to adjust and enjoy their own company. The major effect, and also a very common one, is that once you start a regular life away from home, you miss everything. This fact doesnt mean that you are unhappy but that you are aware of being on your own. Missing your family and the attention they all paid to you is a very usual thing to do. Little details like sitting on a Sunday morning watching TV alone instead of helping your dad organizing his things or having a nice chat with your mom makes you realize how valuable your family really is. It is also completely acceptable to miss all the facilities you used to have back at home, like your house, your car, your bed, and your bathroom. Its obvious then that you have started to appreciate everything you had back where you belong. The second main effect would be learning how to accept another type of society and culture into your daily life. Since you are living in a place with different customs and traditions from yours, you have to be able to develop yourself in unknown conditions. This means making new friends, learning other points of view, accepting different opinions and values, and seizing every opportunity you have to go to new places. Therefore, youll be able to achieve true knowledge. Suggesting to change your mind totally or to be square minded would be foolish; the best thing to do would be to stick to your most important values and, according to them, change those that you believe could be improved. The most significant effect of living away from home is the independent behavior that grows inside of you. Living on your own far from your family gives you a lot of experiences toward organizing your life. Since it is up to you and no one else to go to school, clean your room, wash your clothes, and organize your expenses, it is predictable that you will have a good and strong meaning of responsibility. Being independent and responsible will help you get through life every goal you want to achieve. Living far from home, even for a short period of time, can be really hard at the beginning. We have to remember that all changes are difficult, but they are necessary to go through them to build character. Most important of all, it helps us appreciate everything we have. Not realizing how lucky we are can be a really bad mistake because things dont last forever and we have to make the best out of them. References Words of Wisdom, LLC, English Composition, Editorial Board, 2011, Edition 1.

income :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the average American having a disposable income of $28,277, it is no wonder America has become the consumer nation that it is today (census.gov). In the past nine months American economy has shown an economic growth of 5.6%. Improvements in work industry are providing higher-paying, more permanent jobs than before, with less than 10% of new jobs created in 2005 being temporary (economist.com). With better employment opportunities and steady economic growth, America will become even more of a consumer culture than it is today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mark Hertsgaard observes a more compassionate side of America when he describes consumer spending post 9/11. â€Å"But the attacks also engendered a new seriousness among the American people, a turning away from self-indulgence and material things in favor of spiritual values and services to others† (Hertsgaard 40). The 9/11 attacks left Americans with feelings of sympathy and remorse, as well as a feeling of unity that was shared throughout the country. Hertsgaard stated that after the attacks, the consequent drop in consumer spending turned the economy into an outright recession (Hertsgaard 40). While the economy itself unarguably suffered an obvious and drastic decline, Americans did not waste much time before they used the attacks on the World Trade Center as a means to make a profit. Millions of products advertised as 9/11 memorabilia were suddenly being sold everywhere. These items were announced as apparent ways for American’s to show their un ity and patriotism, as well as their loyalty and support for their country. Sweatshirts, posters, coffee mugs, and just about anything that could somehow display images or messages were applicable to be sold as keepsakes from the tragic event.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While a day as disastrous and devastating as 9/11 left most of America with feelings of grief, especially for those who had lost loved ones, the â€Å"American Dream† was far from being forgotten. The American Dream holds different meanings for different individuals, depending on their own opinions and perceptions. Despite the fact that this phrase holds not one particular meaning, and is a somewhat varied idea, it’s accepted interpretation includes achieving prosperity through hard work, courage and determination   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Naturally, American’s strive to be the best they can be, regardless of what it is they are doing. It is normal for a person in any profession to desire a promotion, which is a direct route to their actual goal: a higher salary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lee Price, of the Economic Policy Institute, holds an opinion which contrasts Hertsgaard’s idea that the 9/11 attacks were completely responsible for the economic decline.

Swot in China

Carrefour  has  taken  a  bold,  consistent  stance  on  developing in china. Carrefour is simply side – stepping the  laws. SWOT analysis Carrefour in China: Strength Operating localization strategy in both operation and management 1. Human resource: Decision-makers can make a variety of decisions which are suitable for the local conditions. 2. Purchasing: a) Raw  material  procurement  process  follows  stringent  quality  checks  and  cost  reduction  methods. b) cutting the cost of the cost in the  procurement  channels c) increasing the competition between suppliers . operation: Managers in each shop are authorized. Don’t need to many levels of transmission, which to avoid the distortion and delay of the information. 4. Business model: a) Cutting the purchasing price, this adapts China’s economic and market environment. b) Relatively large stores with broad non-food lines c) Store openings are progressing well d) H igh proportion of locally sourced products e) violating  the  policy of retail sector in china , like keeping opening illegal shop in china Weakness 1. Bad relations with the Chinese government . Having an individual shop-management mode, Having no  transparency  and  poor  project  management, this reduces consumer’s loyalty to Carrefour. 3. The tense relationship with some suppliers, damaging Carrefour's image. 4. The majority of the retailors are small and medium-sized enterprises, which are lack of bargaining ability with the big companies. 5. Carrefour’s Own-brands don’t sell well in china. 6. High â€Å"entrance† fee, which is not allowed in the countries which are well-developed in the retail market. Opportunity 1.China's accession to the WTO 2. The increase of senior personnel in the retail market 3. Withdraw from the Japanese market, and focus on China Threat 1. The Policy and economic environment in china 2. The biggest competitor – Wal-Mart 3. The majority of China's local supermarkets 4. The markets(grocery markets) in china Expansion into the Asian market is now top priority, as it is believed that this region, especially in china, offers the largest opportunities for growth. However, there is a really big change in the Chinese market.After joining the WTO, The Chinese market is opening wider while the competition is also getting tougher. Foreign retailers need to plan and implement their strategies tightly according to market conditions and their firm-specific resources. Carrefour closed four stores last year. It is said their closure was all due to bad location choice and poor management. The Carrefour China press office says that Carrefour currently has 180 stores, therefore the closing down of unprofitable ones is normal and in accordance with its strategic adjustment.But i think Carrefour is now adjusting its strategy, choosing to open new stores in second and third-tier cities. And it's a tren d in china. The most important issue is that Carrefour needs to attach importance on the relationship with customers and suppliers. Compared with Wal-Mart, Carrefour received more complaints from customers and suppliers, and warning from government. Although the prices of products in Carrefour are widely considered to be cheaper than Wal-Mart, the customer services are also vital for survive of a retailer.In addition, Carrefour always reaps great profits from suppliers, and hence suppliers can obtain a small profit margin. Therefore, it is dangerous for Carrefour if these suppliers leave and stop supplying in the future especially when Wal-Mart have a stronger buying power. In addition, Carrefour needs to focus on its long-term development and plan strategies to create values resources in order to achieve competitive advantages Empowered purchasing and distribution rights and management hinder the delivery quality of goods, which is critically important for retailers.In addition, Ca rrefour should develop advanced information systems on communicating with suppliers and stocking, which will save significant costs and benefit Carrefour’s stock management in the long-term. |Table1: Consumer Age Distribution in Hypermarkets in shanghai | | | | | | |Age distribution |Item |RT-MART |Century Mart |tesco |carrefour |Wal-Mart | | | | | | | |Commodity(whether it isabundant and has acomplete range? ) |4. 15 |3. 96 |3. 93 |4. 21 |3. 55 | | | | | | | |price |3. 47 |2. 22 |3. 03 |2. 82 |2. 32 | | | | | | | |service |3. 53 |3. 14 |3 |3. 07 |2. 8 | | | | | | | |shopping environment |4. 04 |4. 17 |3. 83 |4. 03 |3. 62 | | | | | | | |shopping convenience |4. 01 |3. 76 |4. 01 |3. 64 |3. 69 | | | | | | | |staff mental outlook |3. 77 |3. 59 |3. 36 |3. 49 |3. 47 | | | | | | | |aggregation |22. 97 |20. 84 |21. 16 |21. 26 |19. 45 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Bony Anatomy The Knee Joint Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionThe undermentioned chapter intends to supply an overview of current literature pertinent to this survey. A brief lineation of related anatomy and biomechanics of the articulatio genus articulation will be discussed, every bit good as a theoretical association of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis and the lower kinetic concatenation. The clinical, aetiological and epidemiological facets of degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus will be provided, along with the possible effects that assorted intervention option may hold on this disease.Anatomy2.2.1 Bony Anatomy of the Knee JointThe articulatio genus joint maps chiefly as a big hinge-type articulation, dwelling of three articulations ; two tibiofemoral articulations between the medial and sidelong femoral and tibial condyles, and one patellofemoral articulation between the posterior facet of the kneecap and thighbone ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . Due to the comparative incongruence of the articulating surfaces, the articulatio genus articulation composite is inherently unstable, hence two fibrocartilage phonograph record ( semilunar cartilage ) exist in the infinite between the shinbone and thighbone, are attached to the intercondylar distinction of the shinbone, and farther addition the congruency of the joint every bit good as provide extra stableness ( Magee, 2008 ) . In add-on to the semilunar cartilage, legion environing ligaments play an of import function in stabilization of the articulatio genus. The name, location and specific map of these ligaments are outlined in the tabular array below.Table 2.1.1 Name Location and maps of articulatio genus ligamentsNameLocationFunctionMedial ( tibial ) collateral ligament ( MCL ) Anchored superiorly to the median femoral epicondyle, inferior to the adductor tubercle, and descends anteriorly to attach to the median border and median surface of the shinbone above and behind the fond regard of sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus sinews. Attaches by much of its deep surface to the underlying hempen membrane of the median semilunar cartilage. Stabilises the hinge-like gesture of the articulatio genus and prevents knee abduction Lateral ( fibular ) collateral ligament ( LCL ) Attaches superiorly to the sidelong femoral epicondyle, superior to the channel for the popliteus sinew. Inferiorly, it is attached to a depression on the sidelong surface of the fibular caput. It is separated from the hempen membrane by a Bursa Stabilises the hinge-like gesture of the articulatio genus and articulatio genus adduction. It is stronger than MCL Anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) Attaches to a aspect on the anterior portion of the intercondylar country of the shinbone and ascends posteriorly to attach to a aspect at the dorsum of the sidelong wall of the intercondylar pit of the thighbone Complect the thighbone and shinbone, stops tibia traveling frontward on thighbone, and prevents hyper-extension and inordinate internal rotary motion. ACL crosses sidelong to the PCL as they pass through the intercondylar part Articular capsule and the Bursa Articular capsule presents merely at the sides and posterior facets of the articulatio genus, where it covers the majority of the femoral and tibial condyles. It is stabilised and straighten by the joint ligaments and the musculus sinews. Bursa are extensions of the articulatio genus synovial pit and are filled with synovial fluid The capsule consists of an external hempen bed ( hempen capsule ) and an internal synovial membrane, which is uninterrupted with the synovial liner of the Bursa. They act to cut down clash between the sinews and implicit in castanetss ( hypertext transfer protocol: //andme26.hubpages.com/hub/Anatomy-of-the-knee-Bones-Muscles-Arteries-Veins-Nerves )2.2.2 Neurovascular StructuresTable 2.1.2 Neuravascular constructions of the articulatio genus2.2.3 Lower Limb MusculatureThe primary musculus groups responsible to making motion at the articulatio genus articulation are the quadriceps femoris ( extension ) and hamstrings ( flexure ) . The fond regards, excitation and action of the single musculuss within the quadriceps and hamstring are described in Table 2.1.3.1 and Table 2.1.3.2, severally.Table 2.1.3.1 Attachments, Innervation and Action of Quadriceps Femoris ComponentsMuscleProximal AttachmentDistal AttachmentExcitationActionRectus Femoris Anterior inferior iliac spinal column and Troy superior to acetabulum Via a common sinewy interpolation to the base of kneecap ; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tubercle Femoral Nerve ( L2, L3, L4 ) Extend leg at articulatio genus articulation ; rectus femur besides steadies hip articulation and helps iliopsoas musculus flex the thigh Vastus Lateralis Greater trochanter an sidelong lip of linea aspera of thighbone Vastus Medialis Intertrochanteric line and median lip of linea aspera of thighbone Vastus Intermedius Anterior and sidelong surfaces of shaft of thighbone ( Table abridged from Moore and Dalley, 1999 )Table 2.1.3.2 Attachments, Innervation and Action of Hamstrings ComponentsMuscleProximal AttachmentDistal AttachmentExcitationActionSemitendinosus Ischial tubercle Superior portion of shinbone on median surface Tibial division of sciatic nervus ( L5, S1, S2 ) Extend thigh ; flex leg and revolve it medially when articulatio genus is flexed Semimembranosus Ischial tubercle Posterior portion of shinbone on median condyle Bicepss Femoris Long caput: ischial tubercle Short caput: linea aspera and sidelong supracondylar line of thighbone Fibula on sidelong side of caput Long caput: Tibial division of sciatic nervus ( L5, S1, S2 ) Short caput: Common fibular division of sciatic nervus ( L5, S1, S2 ) Extend thigh ; flex leg and revolve it laterally when articulatio genus is flexed ( Table abridged from Moore and Dalley, 1999 )2.2.4 Lower Limb BiomechanicsThe primary motions of the articulatio genus are flexure and extension, with a smaller rotational constituent when the articulatio genus is flexed ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . Table 2.1.4 outlines the chief motions of the articulatio genus articulation, every bit good as the name and action of the musculus bring forthing them.Table 2.1.4 Motions of the articulatio genusMotion and scope of motionNameActionKnee flexors 135A °-150A ° 1. Hamstrings ( semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris ) 2. Popliteus Flexs and rotes leg medially, locks and unlocks the articulatio genus from beginnings of flexure Knee extensors 0A °-10A ° Quadricepss femoris ( rectus femur, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis ) extends leg, ( but flexes thigh by action of rectus femur ) Medial rotary motion 0A °-10A ° Popliteus ( non-weight bearing articulatio genus extended ) , or semitendinosus and semimembranosus ( when knee flexed ) Weakly flexes articulatio genus, unlocks knee by revolving femur 5A ° laterally on fixed shinbone Lateral rotary motion 0A °-30A ° Bicepss femoris ( when knee flexed ) Weakly flexes articulatio genus, unlocks knee by revolving femur 5A ° medially on fixed shinbone ( hypertext transfer protocol: //andme26.hubpages.com/hub/Anatomy-of-the-knee-Bones-Muscles-Arteries-Veins-Nerves ) The comparative incongruence of the articular surface consequences in the articulatio genus being comparatively weak automatically, and a greater trust on the actions of environing musculuss, sinews and ligaments for strength and support ( Magee, 2008 ) . The anterior thigh musculuss are the most critical of these supports, with the quadriceps femoris musculuss being the most of import stabilizer of the articulatio genus articulation ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . Because of the fond regard of the quadriceps femoris musculus across two articulations, it is capable of bring forthing action at both the hip and the articulatio genus ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . The three vastus musculuss ( vastus intermedius, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis ) form the primary extensor musculus group of the articulatio genus ( Moore and Dalley, 1999, Magee, 2008 ) . The rectus femoris division of the quadriceps femoris musculus Acts of the Apostless, along with the iliopsoas, to flex the hip ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ; Marieb, 2004 ) ; therefore its ability to widen the articulatio genus is compromised when the hip is flexed. As a consequence, the ability of the quadriceps femoris musculus group to bring forth knee extension is most effectual when the hip articulation is extended ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . The hamstrings musculus group produces extension at the hip and flexure at the articulatio genus ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ; Marieb, 2004 ) . These two actions of the hamstrings can non be performed maximally at the same clip, as full flexure of the articulatio genus requires so much shortening that the hamstrings can non supply the extra contraction needed for full extension of the hip, and frailty versa ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . The hamstrings, nevertheless, demonstrate most activity when they are eccentrically undertaking to defy hip flexure and articulatio genus extension ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . A survey by Wilson et Al ( 2011 ) aimed to look into the correlativity between articulatio genus articulation biomechanics and neuromuscular control and moderate articulatio genus degenerative arthritis radiographic and pain badness, higher articulatio genus adduction minutes ( during stance stage ) and lower articulatio genus flexure angles ( full pace rhythm ) were associated with higher RVAS. Higher hurting tonss were associated with lower pace velocities and reduced activation of the sidelong gastroc between early and late stance stage, which the writers suggested may be a mechanism to antagonize high median compartment articulation burden. Additionally, increased activation of the median hamstring between early stance stage and toe off may be declarative of higher coactivity of these musculuss in a guarding mechanism to increase joint stiffness and cut down the hurting, and perchance to compensate joint instability.2.2.4.1 Kinetic Chain TheoryThe kinetic concatenation is defined as â€Å" a combination of several in turn arranges myofascial, articular and nervous constituents, representing a complex unit † ( Bergmann & A ; Peterson, 2002 ) . In order for this system to map, it requires optimum alliance, mechanics and enlisting of these articulations. There are 3 sub-systems within a kinetic concatenation ( active, inactive and nervous ) , all of which contribute to the production of motion: In the lower limb there exists a functional relationship between the articulatio genus and the superior articulations in the hip and lumbopelvic spinal column, every bit good as the pes and mortise joint, inferiorly. When the pess are weight-bearing, the kinetic concatenation is closed and the links map interdependently, with a alteration in one articulation ensuing in an immediate consequence on the kinematics of other articulations in the concatenation. Therefore, a disfunction in the articulatio genus can hold a direct consequence on next articulation in the concatenation, and frailty versa. This highlights the importance of turn toing non merely the country of ailment, but besides next parts to rectify any potentially altered biomechanics of the kinetic concatenation in entirety.Overview of Osteoarthritis of the KneeEpidemiologyIncidence and PrevalenceBy the age of 60 old ages, about 100 % of the population will hold histologic alterations of devolution in their articulatio genus gristle, over 80 % will hold radiographic grounds of OA in at least one articulation, about 40 % will describe clinical symptoms of arthritis, and 10 % will see activity restriction ( Loeser 2000 ) .Hazard FactorsHarmonizing to the Framingham degenerative arthritis survey, the major hazard factors for KOA were age, female gender, fleshiness, non-smoking, occupational articulatio genus bending, physical labor, and chondrocalcinosis ( Felson 1993 ) . Other hazard factors identified are listed in the tabular array below.Table 2.2.1 Hazard factors and Protective factors for KOA harmonizing to the F ramingham OA surveyHazard factorsAge Female gender Geneticss Race Geographic Fleshiness Major articulation injury Occupational Immobilization High bone mineral denseness Joint hypermobility & A ; instability Insistent articulation usage Peripheral neuropathy Prior inflammatory articulation disease Congenital/developmental defects Crystal deposition in articulations Oestrogen surplus Diabetess, high blood pressure, hyperuricaemiaProtective factorsSmoking Osteoporosis Weight decrease Age: Age is the strongest hazard factor for OA, with an addition in prevalence of diagnostic OA from 7.0 % in those aged 63-69 old ages old to 11.2 % in those over the age of 80. Radiographic grounds of OA increased from 27.4 % amongst those in their 1960ss compared to 43.7 % prevalence in those in their 1880ss ( Felson 1987 ) . Gender: Age related increased in OA were found to be more evident in females ; non merely with respect to incidence, but besides in badness and rate of patterned advance ( grade 3/4 alterations increased in prevalence by 7.9 % from the 6th to eighth decennary of life ( Felson 1990 ) . Although there was small or no difference in gender prevalence of mild OA ( Roberts 1996 ) , females tended to hold more terrible OA, a greater figure of joint engagements, more symptoms, and a higher prevalence of manus and articulatio genus OA ( Kellgren-Lawrence 1963 ) ( Felson1995 ) . Recent surveies suggest that post-menopausal oestrogen lack may play a function in development of KOA in older adult females ( Nevitt 1996 ) . Males, nevertheless, had an increased prevalence of hip OA ( particularly in those aged 55 and supra ) ( Kellgren-Lawrence 1963 ) Fleshiness: Fleshiness is the strongest modifiable hazard factor for development of KOA, particularly in adult females ( Loeser 2000 ) . Harmonizing to the Framingham survey, higher organic structure mass index ( BMI ) was associated with an odds ratio of 1.6 per 5-unit addition in BMI. Similarly, a weight loss correlated to a 40 % lessening in hazard of KOA per 10-lb ( ~4.5kg ) weight loss ( Felson 1988/1997 ) . Hazard for development of KOA increased exponentially when fleshiness was present with an extra hazard factor, such as heavy physical activity. Aged patients in the upper tertile of BMI who performed at least 3 hours of physical activity daily had an odds ratio of 13 for development of KOA ( McAlindon 1999 ) . Major joint injury: The comparative hazard for development of radiographic KOA following meniscectomy for direction of stray meniscal cryings was 14 ( Roos 1998 ) . Surveies besides suggest that quadriceps failing increased the hazard of both radiographic and diagnostic OA ( Slemendra 1997 ) . Insistent articulation usage: While there is deficient informations to propose that featuring activities may take to generalised OA ( Lane 1993 ) , it has been shown that certain businesss may do the overexploitation of peculiar articulations, therefore increasing the hazard of development of localized OA ( Croft 1992 ) . For illustration, occupational articulatio genus bending is strongly associated with KOA and mineworkers frequently exhibit marks of spondylosis ( Felson 1990 ) . Muscle dysbalance & A ; wasting: Muscles play a major function in joint biomechanics as the green goods motions, absorb burden, and supply dynamic joint stableness. It is therefore possible that musculus failing due to aging or anterior injury my consequence in loss of the protective musculus control, inordinate joint motion and instability ( Slemendra 1997 ) . Ultimately this will do stress-induced microtrauma of the articular gristle due to the increased happening in physiological shear and extremum articulation forces. Over an drawn-out period of clip, this microtrauma will do gristle devolution, with pathological subchondral force per unit area addition and attendant subchondral induration, and joint prostration with axis maldeviation ( mention ) . Slemenda et Al. conducted a prospective survey in which reduced articulatio genus extensor strength was present in those topics who developed OA as compared to the unaffected participants ( Slemendra 1998 ) . Similar findings were seen in a survey by on patients with one-sided mortise joint OA, in which the affected side displayed reduced calf perimeter and decreased electromyography ( EMG ) frequences of lower leg musculuss ( Valdererrohano 2006 ) . In a healthy person, musculus biopsies have shown wasting of type-1 musculus fibers ( slow-twitch ) in the vastus lateralis following periods of articulatio genus immobilization. In KOA patients nevertheless, failing of the vastus lateralis was largely due to type-2 fiber wasting ( Nakamara and Suzuki 1992 ) . Fink et al so investigated the structural alterations in the vastus medialis and found type-2 fiber wasting in all specimens ( which was consistent with informations from Nakamara ) every bit good as extra type-1 fiber wasting in 32 % of patients ( Fink 2007 ) . Exercise preparation has been found to increase diameter of both type-1 and type-2 musculuss fibers ( Saltin 1977 ) , and was therefore the recommendation of the writers in order to antagonize the musculus wasting and therefore protract the oncoming of OA. As musculuss increase in size with exercising, it is suspected that wasting in creaky patients is non merely caused by neglect in the presence of joint stiffness and hurting, but besides by age-related sarcopenia ( generalized loss of skeletal musculus mass ) , physical immobilization and decreased physical activity ( Goodpaster 2006 ) . This musculus wasting, irrespective of its causative pathomechanism, has been found to be strongly correlated to the development of OA. Since exercising additions muscle mass and improves musculus map, it is likely to play an of import function in intervention and bar of OA.PathologyOA is characterised by focal loss of gristle with grounds of attach toing periarticular bone response. Clinically, it presents as joint hurting and crepitus in the aged age group, and is radiographically characterised by reduced joint infinite, osteophytes and a assortment of malformations that develop as the disease progresses.Pathogenesis and MorphologyNormal hyaline gr istle comprises chondrocytes ( 1-2 % ) embedded in extra-cellular matrix, which in bend is constituted by H2O, type-II collagen and proteoglycans. Articular gristle performs two chief maps: 1 ) along with synovial fluid, it provides virtually friction-free motion within the joint ; and 2 ) in weight-bearing articulations, it spreads the burden across the joint surface in a mode that allows the implicit in castanetss to absorb daze and weight. These maps require that gristle be elastic and have a high tensile strength. These properties are provided by proteoglycans and type II collagen, both of which are produced by chondrocytes. Articular gristle invariably undergoes matrix devolution and replacing. Any instability in normal chondrocytes ability to keep gristle synthesis and debasement can take to OA. Majority of the pathological alterations in OA occur in the gristle itself, nevertheless as the disease progresses, the organic structure and synovial constructions besides begin to de mo marks of devolution. ( Reference ) Cartilage Changes: Chondrocyte map can be affected by a assortment of influences, including mechanical emphasiss, aging, metabolic and familial factors, increased bone denseness and high oestrogen degrees. Regardless of the inciting stimulation, early OA is marked by the degenerating gristle incorporating more H2O and less proteoglycan ( mention ) . This occurs as a consequence of an enzymatic debasement of the major structural constituents, aggrecan and collagen, which causes reactive proliferation of chondrocytes to organize bunchs ( ringers ) with increased production of matrix constituents. Although the turnover of aggrecan constituents is increased, the concentration finally falls. The lessening in size of hydrophilic aggrecan molecules increases the H2O concentration and swelling force per unit area in gristle, farther interrupting the staying staging of type II collagen. Overall, gristle tensile strength and resiliency are compromised doing it susceptible to supporting hurts. ( BOON ET AL ) Progression of these alterations leads to transgress of surface unity, crevices, opposing, flaking of gristle and development of perpendicular clefts ( fibrillations ) , localised chondrocyte decease and lessening in gristle thickness. Cartilage loss is focal instead than widespread and normally restricted to the maximal supporting portion of the joint ( BOON ET AL ) . Gross scrutiny at this phase reveals a soft farinaceous articular gristle surface ( kumar et Al ) . Bone Changes: The bone instantly below the compromised gristle responds by increasing its trabecular thickness ( subchondral induration ) , which in some instances reflects healed trabeculate microfractures or countries of osteonecrosis caused by the increased force per unit area in bone as the gristle fails in its load-transmitting map. The break gaps allow synovial fluid to be forced into the subchondral parts, organizing hempen walled cysts. At the border of the joint there is formation of new fibrocartilage, which so undergoes endochondral ossification to organize osteophytes. Despite cardinal and fringy new bone formation, with terrible gristle loss, crevices may intensify and expose the subchondral bone to have on, with the unprotected bone ends going ivory-like due to inspissating and vascularization ( eburnation ) , frequently with deep linear furrows ( BOON ET AL ) . Small breaks can free pieces of gristle and subchondral bone into the joint, organizing loose organic structu res ( joint mice ) . Bone remodelling and gristle thinning easy alter the form of OA articulations, increasing their surface Other Changes: The synovial membrane undergoes variable grades of hyperplasia, sometimes as aureate although less widespread as RA ( In terrible disease, a hempen synovial pannus covers the peripheral parts of the articular surface ) . Osteochondral organic structures normally occur within the synovial membrane, reflecting chondroid mataplasia or secondary consumption and growing of damaged gristle fragments. The outer capsule besides thickens and contracts, normally retaining the stableness of the remodelling articulation. The musculuss that act over the joint normally show non-specific type-II fiber wasting ( BOON ET AL ) .Natural HistoryThe class of OA is extremely variable. Those patients with multiple affected articulations tend to hold a more rapid patterned advance of OA in their single articulations ( Felson 1993 ) . Advanced age ( Felson 1993 ) and fleshiness ( Felson 1993 ) are besides associated with more rapid patterned advance. Primary OA is regarded as by and large easy progressive, which is apparent in one 3rd to two tierces of radiographic OA instances ; while it has been known to brace for many old ages, betterments are rare ( kumar et Al ) . Diagnostic OA may come on, or better, or may even be arrested due to the fact that symptoms have been shown to be ill correlated to radiographic patterned advance ( Kellgren-Lawrence 1963 ) . Osteophye encroachments on spinal hiatuss are a common cause of nervus root entrapment, which may ensue in neurological shortages such as radicular hurting, musculus wasting or cramp, and centripetal loss. With clip, entire articulation prostration may happen, but unlike Rheumatoid arthritis, does non ensue in joint anchylosis ( merger ) . ( kumar et Al )Subsets of OAPrimary OA can be categorised into three major subsets, although it may non be easy to find an exact differentiation between the subsets ( Doherty 1994 ) . Nodal Generalised OA: GOA is characterised by distal, and proximal to a lesser extent, interphalangeal ( IP ) articulation engagement, Heberden ‘s nodes ( cadaverous expansion of DIP articulation ) , Bouchard ‘s nodes ( cadaverous expansion of PIP articulation ) and familial bunch. It peaks at in-between age and is common in females ( Doherty 1994 ) . Erosive OA: Characterised by engagement of IP articulations of custodies, frequently with aureate redness and erosive alterations, that subsequently take to malformations and anchylosis. A little proportion ( 15 % ) may germinate into seropositive rheumatoid arthritis ( Doherty 1994 ) . Isolated big joint OA: Knee: This is the most common signifier of OA, frequently happening bilaterally. It may affect preponderantly the median femorotibial, sidelong femorotibial or patellofemoral compartment. Hip: Predominantly involves the superior pole or the median compartment. Spinal column: Apophyseal joint engagement is the lone true signifier of OA that can affect the spinal column and is typically manifested my hurting on extention on the spinal column. Intervertebral phonograph record ( IVD ) devolution with osteophyte formation is considered an built-in portion of OA, and normally affects the lumbar and cervical parts. Diffuse intraosseeous skeletal hyperostosis ( DISH ) and ossification of posterior longitudinal ligaments ( OPLL ) are considered to be discrepancies of spondylosis, and comprise fluxing calcification of the disc border and anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament, severally ( mention ) .Clinical FeaturesSigns and symptoms of OA may take many old ages after the oncoming of the disease to go clinically apparent. This is due the fact that the patterned advance of the disease is extremely variable & A ; there tends to be hapless correlativity to radiographic and microscopic patterned advance. Another possible ground that there may be a hold in the visual aspect of symptoms after devolution has taken topographic point is because due to a deficiency of excitation within the gristle ( Lane 1993 ) . Joints normally involved in OA are the articulatio genus, fingers, and spinal apophyseal articulations. Less normally are the hips, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular articulations, while carpal, cubitus, mortise joint and glenohumeral articulations are seldom involved in isolation.Signs and SymptomsSymptoms if OA often have an insidious oncoming and an asymmetrical distribution, subsequently going symmetric as the disease progresses. Factors that may foretell the presence of diagnostic OA and rate of patterned advance include advanced age, fleshiness and multiple affected articulations. The central marks of OA include bony puffiness, synovial gush, crepitus, restricted scope of gesture, joint malformation and, musculus failing and wasting. Symptoms associated with OA include hurting, joint stiffness and functional damage, although all need n't be present at the same clip & A ; badness: Pain: Pain normally begins as an intermittent localised deep aching in and around the affected articulation, frequently exacerbated by motion. As the disease progresss, hurting may go more relentless, going nowadays at dark and during remainder. In KOA, hurting is normally localised to the front tooth and median facets of the articulatio genus and upper thigh, normally occurs with step usage, mounting in and out of vehicles, and making day-to-day activities such as bathing, standing from a seated place and utilizing a lavatory. These jobs may be amplified in the presence of attendant hip pathologies, where normal walking pace is likely to be altered as a consequence of the inguen and leg hurting. Stiffness: Stiffness in the involved articulations is typically present and worst first thing in the forenoon ( forenoon stiffness ) and lasts between five and 30 proceedingss. Stiffness may besides be present subsequently in the twenty-four hours after periods of remainder or inaction ( gelling ) , but is brief and relieved by soft motion ( Doherty 1994 ) . This stiffness is frequently associated with impaired motion within the joint and my consequence from a figure of causes ; joint adhesion, capsular tightening and thickener, inflexibleness of the overlying soft tissue and/or altered joint construction ( eg. as a consequence of osteophyte formation ) . Functional Damage: The badness of functional damage is mostly dependent on the grade of devolution, type of joint involved every bit good as the specific location of the devolution within the joint. For illustration, if there is pronounced devolution with osteophyte formation on next jointing surfaces, which make contact during motion, one would anticipate to happen that scope of gesture is impaired. Similarly, loose organic structures may ensue in reduced scope of gesture every bit good as possible lockup or buckling, particularly if located within the articulatio genus articulation. Crepitus develops as a consequence of gristle loss articulation and abnormalities on jointing surfaces such that they longer skid swimmingly over one another. This creates a stuttered-type gesture, which can be palpated on scrutiny of scope of gesture. In terrible instances this crepitus may even make hearable â€Å" dads † . Crepitus is present in over 90 % of patients with KOA ( mention ) . In terrible instances, joint subluxation may happen when there is uneven wear of the joint surfaces. Over an drawn-out period of clip this will ensue in asymmetrical joint infinite narrowing and finally prostration. When this occurs in the articulatio genus, the median tibiofemoral articulation to typically more affected than the sidelong and in over 50 % of patients will do the development of a knee varus ( â€Å" bow leg malformation † ) . Functional damage may besides ensue non merely from structural alterations to the joint surfaces, but besides from other alterations associated with OA, such as arthrogenic musculus suppression. In this instance, the patient may see failing due to wasting of the surrounding musculuss, every bit good as stiffness or reduced scope of gesture due to inflexibleness ( Hurley 1998 ) .Table 2.2.2 Outline of Typical Symptoms of OsteoarthritisSymptomsPatient over age of 45 Insidious onset over months or old ages Variable or intermittent hurting over clip Chiefly related to motion and weight-bearing, relieved by remainder Merely brief forenoon ( & lt ; 15 proceedingss ) stiffness and â€Å" gelling † ( & lt ; 1 minute ) after remainder Normally merely one or two articulations painful ( non multiple regional hurting ) ( Adapted from Davidson ‘s )Table 2.2.3 Outline of Clinical Signs Characteristic of OsteoarthritisSignsRestricted motion ( capsular thickener, barricading by osteophytes ) Palpable, sometimes hearable, class crepitus ( unsmooth articular surfaces ) Bony swelling ( osteophytes ) around articulation borders Deformity, normally without instability Joint-line or periarticular tenderness Muscle failing, blowing No, or merely mild, synovitis ( gush, increased heat ) ( Adapted from Davidson ‘s )2.3.3.2 Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition ( AMI )AMI is defined as the failure of a functional musculus group to enroll all motor units during maximum voluntary contraction ( Suter et al, 2000 ) . When joint receptors are subjected to distention, compaction, ligamentous stretch, gush and hurting, this protective mechanism is activated, doing automatic suppression of the environing muscularure to forestall farther hurt to the joint ( Crossman and Neary, 1995 ) . The hurting, joint annoyance and musculus cramps frequently associated with KOA, taking to biomechanical alterations and redness, consequences in an suppression of the joint motorneuron pool and inability to enroll all the musculus fibers within the musculus groups that cross the affected articulation. The net consequence is: lessening musculus strength ( existent and/or evident failing ) , doing holds in the rehabilitation advancement ( Hopkins and Ingersoll, 2000 ) Altered motion forms due to a alteration in motor control and joint proprioception, increasing the hazard of hurting, re-injury and accelerated devolution because of the deformed articulation forces ( Lee, 4004 )Diagnostic StandardsPrior to the development of clinical standards for diagnosing of OA in 1981? , the diagnosing of OA was frequently based on radiographic visual aspect and standards proposed by Kellgren and Lawrence in 1957, which is accepted by the World Health Organisation. The diagnosing of OA is mostly clinico-radiographic, that is both clinical and radiographic characteristics are taken into consideration to find the presence and badness of the disease. It is widely acknowledged that radiographic alterations may non be present in the early phases of devolution, while merely 40-50 % of patients with radiographic grounds of OA are clinically symptomless ( Roberts 1996 ) . For this ground the American Rheumatism Association devised diagnostic standards for OA in assorted articulations.Table 2.2.4 Clinico-radiographic Classification Criteria for Osteoarthritis of the KneeTraditional formatClassification tree formatKnee hurting OsteophytesPlusOne of three: Age & gt ; 50 old ages Stiffness & lt ; 30 proceedingss Crepitus Knee hurting and OsteophytesOrKnee hurting and age a†°? 40 old ages and forenoon stiffness a†°Ã‚ ¤ 30 proceedingss in continuance and crepitus on gesture( Altman 1986 )Table 2.2.5 Clinico-radiographic Classification Criteria for Osteoarthritis of the HipHip hurting At least two of the followers: ESR Westergreen & lt ; 20mm/hr Radiographic femoral or cotyloid osteophytes Radiographic joint infinite narrowing ( superior, axial and/or medial )( Altman 1991 )Table 2.2.6 Clinico-radiographic Classification Criteria for Osteoarthritis of the HandssHand hurting, hurting, or stiffness Three or four of the followers: Hard tissue expansion of 2 or more of 10 selected joints* Hard tissue expansion of 2 or more DIP articulations Less than 3 conceited MCP articulations Deformity of at least one of 10 selected joints* * 10 selected articulations are 2nd and 3rd DIP articulation, 2nd and 3rd PIP articulation, and 1st carpometacarpal joint( Altman 1990 )Radiographic DiagnosisThere are eight central marks of DJD: asymmetric distribution, non-uniform loss of joint infinite, osteophytes, subchondral induration, subchondral cysts, intra-articular loose organic structures, intra-articular malformation, and joint subluxation. The radiographic presentation of OA varies depending on the joint involved, the anatomic relationships, and the emphasis to which the articulation is subjected. Therefore all eight marks need non be present in order to set up a diagnosing of OA ; nevertheless they may be utile in in finding the grade of underlying diseased sequences affecting the joint compartments. The tabular array below is the scaling system used to set up radiographic badness of OA ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) .Table 2.2.7 Kellgren-Lawrence Classification of OsteoarthritisDescriptionNormal No alteration Class I Improbable narrowing of the joint infinite, possibleA osteophytes Grade II SmallA osteophytes, possible narrowing of the joint Grade III Multiple, reasonably sizedA osteophytes, definite joint infinite narrowing, some sclerosed countries, possible distortion of bone terminals Grade IV Multiple largeA osteophytes, terrible joint infinite narrowing, marked induration and definite cadaverous terminal malformation. mention Asymmetrical Distribution: There is often a seeable disparity when comparing the extent of joint engagement with the unaffected ( or lesser affected ) articulation on the contralateral side. The asymmetrical distribution of OA helps to separate it from inflammatory arthropathies, such as RA, when have a characteristically symmetrical engagement ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Non-Uniform Loss of Joint Space: Decrease in joint infinite is most likely to happen at the parts of greatest intra-articular emphasis, which is particularly apparent in weight-bearing articulations such as the spinal column, hip, and articulatio genus ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Osteophytes: Radiographically, these are seen as cadaverous branchs widening from the part of capsular interpolation into the joint infinite. In really terrible instances the osteophyte may wholly bridge the joint infinite, doing anyklosis of the joint ( cite – Y & A ; R? ) . Subchondral Sclerosis ( Eburnation ) : This is normally apparent in countries where there is the greatest loss in gristle tallness. It occurs as a consequence of increased mechanical forces being transmitted to the joint surfaces that lack the daze absorbing consequence of normal gristle thickness. In order to antagonize these increased forces, the bing trabeculate bone thickens and new bone is formed. This is seen on radiogram as increased countries of radio-opacity in the subchondral bone underlying parts of reduced joint infinite ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Subchondral Cysts ( Goedes ) : These are focal parts of loss in bone denseness, of variable size, which appear as rounded countries of radiolucency and frequently have a sclerosed border. They are located in countries of old subchiondral induration, and occur either as a consequence of synovial fluid invasion through the open articular home base or secondary to trabeculate break and subsequent mortification ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Intra-Articular Loose Bodies ( Joint Mice ) : As joint devolution advancements, flaking and atomization may ensue in intra-articular accretion of free drifting organic structures, comprised mostly of gristle and on occasion subchondral bone ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Articular Deformity: Progressive distortion of the articular surfaces may happen following insistent emphasis, doing big subchondral cysts, trabeculate remodelling, break and prostration, which may be exacerbated my mortification due to secondary vascular perturbations ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Joint Subluxation: The joint finally becomes unstable and prone to displacement due to joint surface distortion, loss of joint infinite, and laxness within the construction of the ligaments and sinews. This alters in the burden distribution, farther increasing the unbalances emphasiss of the joint, speed uping the degenerative procedure ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) .Clinical DiagnosisAltman et Al. ( 1986 ) developed sets of standards for the categorization of idiopathic OA of the articulatio genus.Table 2.2.8 Classification Criteria for Diagnosis of Idiopathic Osteoarthritis ( OA ) of the Knee *Clinical and research labClinical and radiolograohicClinical **Knee Pain + at least 5 of 9: Age & gt ; 50 old ages Stiffness & lt ; 30 proceedingss Crepitus Bony tenderness Bony Enlargement No tangible heat ESR & lt ; 40 mm/hr RF & lt ; 1:40 SF OA Knee Pain + at least 1 of 3: Age & gt ; 50 old ages Stiffness & lt ; 30 proceedingss Crepitus + Osteophytes Knee Pain + at least 3 of 6: Age & gt ; 50 old ages Stiffness & lt ; 30 proceedingss Crepitus Bony tenderness Bony Enlargement No tangible heat 92 % Sensitivity 75 % Specific 91 % Sensitivity 86 % Specific 95 % Sensitivity 69 % Specific * ESR = erythrocyte sedementation rate ( Westergreen ) ; RF = arthritic factor ; SF OA = synovial fluid marks of OA ( clear, syrupy, or white blood cell count & lt ; 2000/mm3 ) . ** Alternative would be 4 of 6, which is 84 % sensitive and 89 % particular. ( mention )Differentiation from other Arthritic DiseasesArthritic arthritis: associated with more marks of redness affecting the MCP, carpus, wrist bones and other peripheral articulations, every bit good as the cervical spinal column. Generalised OA involves the DIP, PIP and first CMC articulations in the manus and, cervical and lumbar spinal column parts. RA distinguished from erosive OA through positive research lab trial, such as arthritic factor, ESR, and synovial fluid analysis ( Boon et al, ) . Joints actively involved in arthritic arthritis seldom show osteophytes, therefore their presence is a utile index of OA if the patient presents with a assorted clinical image. If osteophytes precede arthritic engagement, it indicated that rheumatoid arthritis has evolved from an erosive OA. Conversely, they will merely develop in secondary devolution following RA burn out ( Yochum & A ; Rowe, ) . Pseudogout: differentiated from OA by presence of CPPD crystals in synovial fluid, every bit good the in engagement of articulations that are non typically associated with primary OA, such as the cubitus and shoulder ( McCarthy 1998 ) .Table 2.2.9 Categorization for Subsets of Idiopathic OsteoarthritisLocalised:Handss: Heberden ‘s and Bouchard ‘s nodes ( nodal ) Erosive interphalangeal arthritis ( non-nodal ) Scaphometacarpal Scophotrapezal Foot: Halux valgus Hallux rigidus Contracted toes ( hammer/cock-up toes ) Talonavicular Knee: Medial compartment Lateral compartment Patellofemoral compartment Hip: Eccentric ( superior ) Concentric ( axial, median ) Diffuse ( coxae senilis ) Spine ( peculiarly cervical and lumbar ) : Apophyseal Intervertebral ( phonograph record ) Spondylosis ( osteophytes ) Ligamentous hyperostosis [ DISH* or Forestier ‘s disease ] ) Other individual sites: Shoulder Temporomandibular Sacroiliac Ankle Wrist AcromioclavicularGeneralised ( includes 3 or more sites listed above ) :Small ( peripheral ) and spinal column Large ( cardinal ) and spinal column Mixed ( peripheral and cardinal ) and spinal column * DISH = Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis